Summary
Place of publication:
Gen. hist. 4:87. 1837 (Wallich, Num. list no. 1648. 1829, nom. nud.)
Verified:
01/19/2012
ARS Systematic Botanists.
Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations
Reference(s)
- Boutelje, J. B. 1980. Encyclopedia of world timbers, names and technical literature. 1980
- Chinese Academy of Sciences. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. 1959-
- Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. 1980-
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
- Kiew, R. et al., eds. Flora of peninsular Malaysia. 2010-
- Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Hortus third. 1976
- Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. Flora of [West] Pakistan. 1970-
- Parham, J. W. Plants of the Fiji islands, revised ed. 1972
- Parrotta, J. A. Healing plants of peninsular India. 2001
- Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
- Sidiyasa, K. 1997. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and wood anatomy of Alstonia (Apocynaceae). Blumea suppl. 11:149-153.
- Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. Flora of Thailand. 1970-
- Soerianegara, I. & R. H. M. J. Lemmens, eds. 1993. Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). 1989- 5(1):88.
- Steenis, C. G. G. J. van, ed. Flora malesiana. 1948-
- Valkenburg, J. L. C. H. van & N. Bunyapraphatsara, eds. 2001. Medicinal and poisonous plants 2. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). 1989- 12(2):66-67.
- Wagner, W. L. et al. 1997. Contributions to the Flora of the Hawai`i. VI. Occas. Pap. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 48:51-65.
- Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. World economic plants: a standard reference (on-line edition) [medicinal plants only].
- Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. Flora of China (English edition). 1994-
- PROTABASE, the information base of PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa) (on-line resource).
Common names
English
hard alstonia – hard milkwood – Philippine
batino –
Distribution
order_code | Status | Continent | Subcontinent | Country | State | Note |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | Sri Lanka | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Cambodia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Thailand | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Indo-China | Vietnam | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Indonesia | Kalimantan | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Indonesia | Moluccas | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Indonesia | Sumatra | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Malaysia | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Papua New Guinea | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Philippines | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | Malesia | Singapore | | |
1 | Native | Asia-Tropical | North Indian Ocean | India | Andaman and Nicobar | |
2 | Cultivated | Africa | South Tropical Africa | Angola | | |
2 | Cultivated | Africa | South Tropical Africa | Zimbabwe | | |
2 | Cultivated | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Côte D'Ivoire | | |
2 | Cultivated | Africa | West Tropical Africa | Sierra Leone | | |
2 | Cultivated | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Guangdong | |
2 | Cultivated | Asia-Temperate | China | China | Yunnan | |
2 | Cultivated | Asia-Tropical | Indian Subcontinent | India | | |
4 | Naturalized | Pacific | North-Central Pacific | United States | Hawaii | |
Native
Asia-Tropical
-
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
Sri Lanka
-
INDO-CHINA:
Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam
-
MALESIA:
Indonesia [Kalimantan, Moluccas, Sumatra], Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Singapore
-
NORTH INDIAN OCEAN:
India [Andaman and Nicobar]
Cultivated
Africa
-
SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA:
Angola, Zimbabwe
-
WEST TROPICAL AFRICA:
Côte D'Ivoire, Sierra Leone
Asia-Temperate
-
CHINA:
China [Guangdong, Yunnan]
Asia-Tropical
-
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT:
India
Naturalized
Pacific
-
NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC:
United States [Hawaii]
Economic Uses
Usage | Type | Note | Reference |
Materials | wood | | Soerianegara, I. & R. H. M. J. Lemmens, eds. 1993. Timber trees: major commercial timbers. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA). 1989- 5(1):88. |
Medicines | folklore | | Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. Flora of China (English edition). 1994- |
Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System.
2024. Germplasm Resources Information Network
(GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: https://ausgenebank.agriculture.vic.gov.au/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=2687.
Accessed 20 September 2024.